Exfo PSO-200 Optical Modulation Analyzer Instrukcja Użytkownika Strona 248
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Coherent Detection and Sampling Methods
240 PSO-200
Sampling Methods
Thus, the detected signals correspond to the I and Q axes in the signal
space. The equation above is valid for co-polarized signal and LO. In order
for the coherent receiver to be polarization independent, a second
(identical) branch handles the orthogonal state of polarization (SOP). In
order to retrieve E
s
(t) and
s
(t), the IF must be tracked and removed from
the measured signal, which is carried out with advanced signal processing.
The diagram below shows a coherent receiver for a single SOP:
Sampling Methods
Digital sampling is used to visualize time-varying signals. The basic
principle is that a snapshot of the signal is acquired by a sampling gate. The
gate opens for a small fraction of a second and the signal is quantized by
analog-to-digital conversion (ADC).
In general, electronic sampling gates are used. However, for optical
measurements, it is preferable to implement optical sampling gates. The
benefit is that the sampling bandwidth can be significantly increased;
optical sampling systems with >500 GHz bandwidth exist.
Optical sampling gates can be implemented by exploiting nonlinearities in
optical fibers or crystals to create an ultra-high-speed optical switch, or, as
an alternative, via linear optical sampling. The latter method is unique in
that it obtains the optical field in the sampling process itself.
Digital sampling can be implemented as real-time sampling or
equivalent-time sampling. The PSO-200 uses the latter.
Signal
Processing
LO input
/2
ADC
Balanced
detector
90
o
Optical hybrid
Signal input
Balanced
detector
- User Guide 1
- Optical Modulation Analyzer 1
- Contents 3
- Optical Modulation Analyzer v 5
- Conformity 7
- 1 Introducing the PSO-200 9
- IMPORTANT 11
- 2 Safety Information 13
- Electrical Safety Information 14
- Optical Modulation Analyzer 7 15
- 8 PSO-200 16
- Equipment Ratings 16
- Operation 16
- Storage 16
- 3 Getting Started with Your 17
- Analyzer Application 20
- 4 Setting Up the Optical 21
- Modulation Analyzer 21
- 14 PSO-200 22
- Configuring the Input Signal 22
- Setting File Autonaming 26
- Identifying Acquisitions 28
- Setting Analysis Parameters 30
- 26 PSO-200 34
- 28 PSO-200 36
- Locking the Remote Unit 39
- 5 Performing Acquisitions 41
- 34 PSO-200 42
- Saving Acquisitions to a File 43
- 36 PSO-200 44
- 6 Customizing the Graph and 47
- Data Layout 47
- 40 PSO-200 48
- Constellation Chart 49
- 42 PSO-200 50
- Eye Diagrams 51
- I/Q Eye Diagrams 52
- Phase Eye Diagram 52
- Magnitude Eye Diagram 53
- Intensity Eye Diagram 53
- 46 PSO-200 54
- NRZ-QPSK data 54
- Pattern Diagrams 55
- 7 Viewing and Analyzing 57
- 50 PSO-200 58
- Zooming and Moving Graphs 60
- 54 PSO-200 62
- Constellation charts 62
- (Persistence) 63
- Diagrams 63
- Using the Measurement Tables 64
- Using Graph Markers 66
- Horizontal histogram 69
- Histogram values 69
- Vertical histogram 69
- 62 PSO-200 70
- Sample QPSK (NRZ) 70
- Using Pattern Masks 72
- 66 PSO-200 74
- Constellation Mask (QPSK) 75
- 68 PSO-200 76
- Intensity Mask (NRZ 40G ITU) 76
- EVM Mask 77
- (Infinite, 10 ps) 78
- (1 burst, 5 ps) 79
- (infinite, 5 ps) 79
- Algorithms 80
- (after 20 bursts) 82
- Applying Data Filtering 84
- (Butterworth) 85
- Basic Gearbox Setup Details 88
- 3. Select the Gearbox tab 89
- 4. Select the Gearbox layout 89
- 5. Select the pattern length 89
- 82 PSO-200 90
- Exporting Symbol Patterns 91
- 84 PSO-200 92
- To import a symbol pattern: 93
- 2. Select the General tab 93
- 86 PSO-200 94
- Gearbox Streaming Types 96
- Dual (X-Y) streams 98
- 92 PSO-200 100
- Definition 100
- Symbol coordinates 100
- Definition Section 101
- Bit Symbol Mapping Section 102
- 96 PSO-200 104
- Symbol Coordinates Section 106
- 100 PSO-200 108
- Byte count 109
- 102 PSO-200 110
- Exporting Gearbox Setups 112
- 106 PSO-200 114
- 9 Post-Processing and 117
- Reanalyzing Data 117
- 110 PSO-200 118
- 112 PSO-200 120
- Exporting Data 121
- Clipboard 122
- Reverting to Original File 124
- 10 Maintenance 125
- 118 PSO-200 126
- Cleaning EUI Connectors 126
- 11 Troubleshooting 129
- Solving Phase Tracking Issues 130
- Viewing Online Help 130
- Viewing System Information 132
- Transportation 133
- 12 Warranty 135
- Exclusions 136
- Certification 136
- Service and Repairs 137
- 130 PSO-200 138
- A Technical Specifications 139
- B SCPI Commands Reference 141
- SCPI Commands Reference 142
- :MMEMory:LOAD:TRACe 146
- :MMEMory:STORe:TRACe 147
- :MMEMory:STORe:TRACe:DATA 148
- :SENSe:DDEMod:AVERage:STATe 149
- :SENSe:DDEMod:AVERage:STATe? 150
- :SENSe:DDEMod:AVERage:COUNt 151
- :SENSe:DDEMod:AVERage:COUNt? 152
- 146 PSO-200 154
- :SENSe:DDEMod:MODulation 156
- :SENSe:DDEMod:MODulation? 159
- :SENSe:DDEMod:SRATe 162
- :SENSe:DDEMod:SRATe? 163
- :SENSe:DDEMod:BDURation 164
- :SENSe:DDEMod:BDURation:UNIT? 166
- :SENSe:RECording:LENGth 167
- 160 PSO-200 168
- :SENSe:RECording:LENGth:UNIT? 169
- :INITiate 170
- :READ:DDEMod? 172
- :READ:DDEMod:DATA[n]? 173
- :READ:DDEMod:AVERage? 174
- 168 PSO-200 176
- Polarization: 176
- Name: 176
- 170 PSO-200 178
- 172 PSO-200 180
- 174 PSO-200 182
- 176 PSO-200 184
- 178 PSO-200 186
- 180 PSO-200 188
- 182 PSO-200 190
- Error Index: 190
- Vector Name: 190
- 184 PSO-200 192
- :SENSe:DDEMod:MASK:NAMe 194
- :SENSe:DDEMod:MASK:NAMe? 195
- :SENSe:DDEMod:MASK:STATe 196
- :SENSe:DDEMod:MASK:STATe? 197
- :SENSe:DDEMod:FILTer:TYPe 198
- :SENSe:DDEMod:FILTer:TYPe? 199
- 192 PSO-200 200
- :SENSe:DDEMod:FILTer:ORDer 202
- :SENSe:DDEMod:FILTer:ORDer? 203
- 196 PSO-200 204
- 198 PSO-200 206
- 200 PSO-200 208
- :MMEMory:LOAD:GEARbox:SETup 210
- :MMEMory:STORe:GEARbox:SETup 211
- :MMEMory:LOAD:GEARbox:STReam 212
- :MMEMory:STORe:GEARbox:STReam 215
- 210 PSO-200 218
- 212 PSO-200 220
- 214 PSO-200 222
- :MMEMory:LOAD:PATTern 223
- :MMEMory:STORe:PATTern 224
- :SENSe:DDEMod:LEARnpattern 225
- :SENSe:DDEMod:LEARnpattern? 226
- :SENSe:ROSCillator:SOURce: 227
- PHASecalibration 227
- PHASecalibration? 228
- 222 PSO-200 230
- :SENSe:DDEMod:SIGNal:OFFSet 231
- :SENSe:DDEMod:SIGNal:OFFSet? 232
- :SENSe:DDEMod:SIGNal:WIDTh 233
- :SENSe:DDEMod:SIGNal:WIDTh? 234
- :SENSe:DDEMod:AVERage:RES 235
- :SENSe:DDEMod:AVERage:RES? 236
- :SENSe:DDEMod:CDIS:ENABle 237
- :SENSe:DDEMod:CDIS:ENABle? 238
- :SENSe:DDEMod:CDIS:VAL 239
- :SENSe:DDEMod:CDIS:VAL? 240
- :SENSe:DDEMod:SIGNal:ENCoding 241
- 234 PSO-200 242
- :SENSe:DDEMod:DEMX 243
- :SENSe:DDEMod:DEMX? 244
- :SENSe:DDEMod:IFAL 245
- :SENSe:DDEMod:IFAL? 246
- C Coherent Detection and 247
- Sampling Methods 247
- Real-Time Sampling 249
- Equivalent-Time Sampling 249
- 242 PSO-200 250
- Signal Processing Algorithms 252
- Polarization Demultiplexing 253
- Time-Base Reconstruction 253
- 246 PSO-200 254
- D Modulation Schemes 255
- Modulation Schemes 257
- QPSK 2 NRZ: NRZ: 257
- 16-QAM 4 258
- E Measurement Definitions 259
- 252 PSO-200 260
- Error Vector Magnitude 261
- Magnitude Error 261
- Phase Error 262
- IQ Gain Imbalance 262
- In-Phase Error 262
- Quadrature-Phase Error 263
- IQ Offset 263
- Quadrature Error 264
- Signal-To-Noise Ratio 265
- XY Imbalance 265
- Power Level 265
- Measurements for Eye Diagrams 266
- Contrast Ratio 267
- Crossing 267
- Duty Cycle 268
- Duty Cycle Distortion 268
- Extinction Ratio 269
- Eye Amplitude 269
- Eye Height 269
- Eye-Opening Factor 269
- Pulse Width 270
- Eye Width 270
- Rise Time and Fall Time 271
- Timing Jitter 272
- ₼⦌␂ℝ☀⹂䓸德棟Ⓟ䤓屓⸩ 283
- MARKING REQUIREMENTS 284
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